[Chapel Merge] Update CI image to a newer OS/package depedencies

Branch: refs/heads/main
Revision: fabe8e194e9bb03763285be70158eb43559641c2
Author: jabraham17
Link: Update CI image to a newer OS/package depedencies by jabraham17 · Pull Request #27463 · chapel-lang/chapel · GitHub
Log Message:
Update CI image to a newer OS/package depedencies (#27463)

Updates the CI image to use newer dependencies.

Updates from LLVM/clang 13 to 19. To do this, also updates the OS from
Ubuntu 22 LTS to Ubuntu 24 LTS. This is required to drop support for
older LLVMs

[Reviewed by @arifthpe]

Compare: Comparing 2a9784944473eafe8d0effb19411e814b12449c7...7018a56af1142bcbc9f0c65ae5c620c417cc1ef6 · chapel-lang/chapel · GitHub

Diff:
M util/packaging/docker/github-ci/Dockerfile
https://github.com/chapel-lang/chapel/pull/27463.diff